Different reactions take place with different rates. The branch of physical chemistry that deals with the study of rate of chemical reaction is called chemical kinetics. During chemical reaction, concentration of reactants decreases while that of product increases. Thus, the…
Magnetic Hysteresis
Let us consider a ferromagnetic material which is subjected to magnetizing field (H). The intensity of the magnetizing field (H) is gradually increased from 0. Then, the magnetic induction (B) also increases and becomes maximum (at point L in the…
Elements of Earth’s Magnetic Field
The magnetic field of the earth at any point on its surface is determined by using three physical quantities which are called elements of earth’s magnetic field. They are: Declination: Declination at a point of earth’s surface can be defined…
Ampere’s Circuital Law
Ampere’s circuital law was discovered by André-Marie Ampere in the year 1826 A.D. This law states that, “The line integral of magnetic field B along any closed path in free space is equal to the vacuum permeability (μo) times the…
Halo-alkanes
Halo-alkanes are one of the most widely used and important hydrocarbons. When one or more hydrogen atoms of hydrocarbon are replaced by halogen, then the hydrocarbon is called halo-alkane. It is represented by the general formula R-X, where R is…
Theories Related To Acid and Base
There are different theories which help to determine whether a substance is an acid or base. The major and generally accepted theories are given below: 1. Arrhenius Theory According to Arrhenius theory, acid is a chemical substance which gives hydrogen…
Different Grades of Purity of Alcohol
Alcohols are one of the widely used organic compounds. They are the organic compounds which contain hydroxyl (-OH) group as their functional groups. In other words, alcohols can be defined as the hydroxyl derivative of aliphatic hydrocarbons. Alcohols are represented…
Motion of An Electron in Electric Field
Let us consider that, an electron of mass ‘m’ moves with initial horizontal velocity ‘vx‘. While the electron enters the electric field between the parallel plates, it is attracted towards the upper positive plate. The electrostatic force with which electron…
Indicators and Titration Curves
Indicators are the chemical substances which are used to determine the end points of titrations. Methyl orange, phenolphthalein, starch solution, erichrome black-T are some examples of indicators. Indicators are used in acid-base titration and have different colours in acidic and…
Hall Effect
When magnetic field is applied perpendicular to a current carrying conductor, then voltage is developed across the conductor in the direction perpendicular to both current and magnetic field. This effect is called Hall effect. Let us consider a rectangular cross…
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