Let us consider that, an electron of mass ‘m’ moves with initial horizontal velocity ‘vx‘. While the electron enters the electric field between the parallel plates, it is attracted towards the upper positive plate. The electrostatic force with which electron…
Indicators and Titration Curves
Indicators are the chemical substances which are used to determine the end points of titrations. Methyl orange, phenolphthalein, starch solution, erichrome black-T are some examples of indicators. Indicators are used in acid-base titration and have different colours in acidic and…
Hall Effect
When magnetic field is applied perpendicular to a current carrying conductor, then voltage is developed across the conductor in the direction perpendicular to both current and magnetic field. This effect is called Hall effect. Let us consider a rectangular cross…
Moving Coil Galvanometer
Moving coil galvanometer is a device which is used to detect and measure small electric currents present in an electric circuit. Principle It is based on the principle that, “When a current carrying coil is placed in magnetic field, it…
Derivation of Expression for Torque on a Rectangular Coil
Let us consider a rectangular coil PQRS of length ‘l’ and breadth ‘b’ suspended in uniform horizontal magnetic field ‘B’. Let the plane of the coil make an angle ‘θ’ with the direction of magnetic field. When current ‘I’ is…
Benzene and Its Preparation
Benzene is a cyclic compound which consists of six carbon atoms where there is presence of alternate double bonds and single bonds. It is an aromatic hydrocarbon which consists of six carbon atoms where there is presence of alternate double…
Hybridization
The formation of certain molecules involving Carbon, Boron, Beryllium etc. cannot be explained satisfactorily on the basis of VSEPR (Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion) Theory. Hence, a new concept called hybridization is developed to explain the shape of these molecules…
Primary Standard Substance and Normality Factor
Primary Standard Substance The solution having known concentration is called standard solution. The substance whose standard solution can be prepared directly by dissolving required amount of the substance in definite volume of solution is called primary standard substance and the…
The First Law of Thermodynamics
We know that heat is a form of energy which flows from a hotter body to a colder body. It is the energy produced due to the total kinetic energy produced by the vibrating molecules of a body. We can…
Concentration of Solution
Concentration of a solution can be simply defined as the measure of the relative proportions of two or more quantities of substances in a mixture. There are different ways for finding out the concentration of solution. Some of them are…
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